Managers who implement marine managed areas (MMAs) face many challenging decisions involving the interplay of economics and conservation. The role of incentives in conservation efforts is receiving increased recognition. Examples include using economic incentives as part of MMA strategy, balancing the business revenues and ecological impacts of tourism, and planning MMA resources to accomplish the greatest return on investment in terms of progress toward management goals.

Because MMAs are a relatively new management tool, decision-makers have had scant real-world information on which to base their economic choices. Using data from the growing number of MMAs around the world, scientists are studying the interface of economics and conservation to enhance management decision-making.

RESEARCH

• Analysis of Economic Incentives in MMAs Around the World
  We analyzed alternative livelihood, fisheries buy-out, and quid pro quo programs to determine reasons for success or failure. We used this information to produce a guidebook for MMA managers on the strengths and weaknesses of economic incentive strategies, including case studies.
  Principal Investigator: Eduard Niesten
  Science Report (PDF, 0.5 MB)
  
  
• Ecotourism Effects on Spawning Fish
  In Belize, we examined the potential negative impacts created by the activities of recreational divers on the behavior of spawning fishes. The study offers guidance for the sustainable management of these fishes and best practices for this increasingly popular tourism activity.
  Principal Investigator: Will Heyman
  Science Report (PDF, 0.1 MB)


• MMA Cost Effectiveness
  To determine the most effective budgeting strategies, we assessed allocation of financial resources for MMA implementation and compared the returns on investment. The study provides insights for MMA budgeting for outreach, research, enforcement, and other activities.
  Principal Investigator: Rashid Sumaila
  Science Report (PDF, 1.1 MB)

SCIENCE-TO-ACTION

• Global
  The initial version of the Guidebook to Incentive-based Conservation Approaches and Marine Management Areas was presented at the International Marine Conservation Congress in May 2009 and at the Society for Conservation Biology Meeting in July 2009. Highlighted in the guidebook are lessons learned from a global set of case studies of buy-outs, conservation incentive agreements, and alternative livelihoods projects.